Sri Lanka’s gem industry has a very long and colorful history. Sri Lanka was affectionately known as Ratna-Dweepa which means Gem Island. The name is a reflection of its natural wealth. Marco Polo wrote that the island had the best sapphires, topazes, amethysts, and other gems in the world. Ptolemy, the 2nd century astronomer recorded that beryl and sapphire were the mainstay of Sri Lanka’s gem industry. Records from sailors that visited the island states that they brought back “jewels of Serendib”. Serendib was the ancient name given to the island by middle – eastern and Persian traders that crossed the Indian Ocean to trade gems from Sri Lanka to the East during the 4th and 5th century.

Sri Lanka, geologically speaking is an extremely old country. Ninety percent of the rocks of the island are of Precambrian age, 560 million to 2,400 million years ago. The gems form in sedimentary residual gem deposits, eluvial deposits, metamorphic deposits, skarn and calcium-rich rocks. Nearly all the gem formations in Sri Lanka are located in the central high-grade metamorphic terrain of the Highland Complex. The gem deposits are classified as sedimentary, metamorphic and magmatic; the sedimentary types being the most abundant. The mineralogy of the gem deposits varies widely with, among others, corundum (sapphire, ruby), chrysoberyl, beryl, spinel, topaz, zircon, tourmaline, garnet being common.

Residual deposits are mainly found in flood plains of rivers and streams. The metamorphic types of gems constitute 90% of the gem deposits in Sri Lanka. It has been estimated that nearly 25% of the total land area of Sri Lanka is potentially gem-bearing, making Sri Lanka one of the countries with the highest density of gem deposits compared to its landmass.

The chronicle also mentions encrusted thrones owned by Naga king in 540 BC proving historical evidence for gem history going back to 2500 years. Many Sri Lankan Kings have sent gems and pearls to foreign countries seeking to establish trade and relationships. In 250BC the King at the time reported to have gifted three varied kind of gems and eight types of pearls to Indian Emperor.

A Roman Naturalist wrote “Tabrabane”s, ambassador (Sri Lanka know at that time) boasted of its fine gem stones during the time of Roman Emperor Claudius in AD 41 to 54. The Greek astronomer Ptolemy in 2nd century, Marco Polo in 12th Century, Famous Arab Explorer Ibnu Batuta in 14th Century and Robert Knox made several references about the abundance of Sapphires, Beryl’s, Topaz, Amethyst and garnets they found and witnessed.